<\/p>\n
\n\u00d6ZET<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k konusu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda giderek artan bir ilgi ile hem akademisyenler hem de i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r hale gelmi\u015ftir. Zorbal\u0131k ve mobbing kavramlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131l\u0131yor olsa bile zorbal\u0131k ve mobbing birbirinden ayr\u0131 kavramlar olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi, i\u015f yerinde \u015fiddet olgusunun de\u011ferlendirilirken temel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ele almak \u00f6nemlidir. Cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve toplumsal cinsiyet konusu ise hem zorbal\u0131k hem de i\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 ruhsal bozukluklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fkendir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; i\u015f yerindeki zorbal\u0131k ve ruhsal bozukluklar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi ve bu ili\u015fkiyi etkileyen de\u011fi\u015fkenleri anlamak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kavramsal bir analizdir. Zorbal\u0131k ve ruhsal bozukluklar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 oda\u011f\u0131nda ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler: i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k, i\u015f yerinde ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet<\/p>\n
ABSTRACT<\/b><\/p>\n
The subject of workplace bullying has become a topic of study for both academics and businesses with an increasing interest in today\u2019s world. Even though the concepts of bullying and mobbing are often used interchangeably, it is important to consider bullying and mobbing as separate concepts and to consider the main differences when evaluating the phenomenon of violence in the workplace. Gender differences and gender issues are important variables in terms of both bullying and work-related mental disorders. This work is a conceptual analysis prepared to understand the relationship between workplace bullying and mental disorders and the variables that affect this relationship. The relationship between bullying and mental disorders will be discussed in the focus of gender differences.<\/p>\n
Keywords: workplace bullying, workplace mental health, gender, sex.<\/p>\n
ENTRANCE<\/b><\/p>\n
Leymann\u2019a g\u00f6re; i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015fmanca eylemler, bask\u0131lar, psikolojik veya fiziksel tacizler ve bireye, onu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubundan d\u0131\u015flamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan i\u015fe ve ki\u015fisel kimli\u011fe y\u00f6nelik tekrarlanan ve \u0131srarl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lardan olu\u015fur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda olumsuz muameleye maruz kalan ki\u015finin bu eylemlere kar\u015f\u0131 kendini savunmada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekmesi durumunda, bir veya birka\u00e7 ki\u015fiden s\u00fcrekli olarak olumsuz eylemlere maruz kalmas\u0131 durumu olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k, Avrupa i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k %5 ila %30\u2019unu etkileyen \u00f6nemli bir mesleki stres etkeni olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zorbal\u0131k ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015fiddet eyleminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ve bireysel bazda etkisi oldu\u011fu, \u00f6nemli bir psikososyal risk etkeni olarak tan\u0131mlanabilece\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fle ilgili ruhsal bozukluklarda cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda cinsiyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmasa bile toplumsal cinsiyet oda\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Toplumsal cinsiyet; toplumun ku\u0308ltu\u0308r\u00fc, deg\u0306erleri, gelenekleri, go\u0308renekleri, inanc\u0327lar\u0131, normlar\u0131 ve u\u0308retim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131na ve erkeg\u0306e yu\u0308klemi\u015f oldug\u0306u anlam\u0131 ifade etmektedir (C\u0327aha ve Y\u0131lmaz, 2016). \u0130\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k ve ruhsal bozukluklar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkide toplumsal cinsiyet genel ya\u015fam stres fakt\u00f6rleri ile ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zorbal\u0131k ve Ruhsal Bozukluklar \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
1960\u2019lardan bu yana, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ve y\u00f6netsel uygulamalar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi ve bu etkinin de kurumdan kuruma farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n iyi olma hallerine y\u00f6nelik duyulan endi\u015fe k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce y\u00f6netim uygulamalar\u0131nda ve i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uygulamalar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe sebep olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel psikolojiye dair geleneksel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, mesle\u011fin anlam kazanmas\u0131 ve ki\u015filerin iyi olu\u015f potansiyelini destekleyen, olumlu \u00f6rg\u00fctsel davran\u0131\u015f (positive organizational behavior) perspektifini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan yeni sosyal ve ekonomik ba\u011flamlar taraf\u0131ndan sorgulanmaktad\u0131r. Psikolojik iyi olu\u015f ve sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u201c\u00d6nceden var olan ruhsal bozukluklar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctsel verimlili\u011fi nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan\u201d \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n insan psikolojisi \u00fczerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na\u201d do\u011fru y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. <\/sup>K\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin artmas\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi son nokta, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201csa\u011fl\u0131k ve i\u015f tatmini, performans y\u00f6netimi, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel etkililik, i\u015f g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi ve i\u015fsizlik, presenteizm (i\u015fte var olmama sorunu), ve absenteizm (i\u015f devams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131)\u201d konular\u0131na getirmektedir. Bununla beraber \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve psikolojik iyi olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n olumlu y\u00f6nleri ve bunlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde rol oynayan \u00f6rg\u00fctsel fakt\u00f6rlerin korunmas\u0131na da daha fazla \u00f6nem verilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ILO perspektifine g\u00f6re, i\u015f yerinde ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, \u00f6nleyici stratejilere odaklan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha fazla etkili olmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f yerinde sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, i\u015f yerindeki kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve psikolojik iyi olu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyerek ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozukluklar\u0131 riskini azaltmaya katk\u0131da bulunabilir. \u0130\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 stres ve i\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015fabilecek ruhsal bozukluklar\u0131n \u00f6nlenebilmesi i\u00e7in psikososyal risk de\u011ferlendirilmesi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve risk y\u00f6netimi yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. I\u0307s\u0327 yerinde en s\u0131k kars\u0327\u0131las\u0327\u0131lan psikolojik bozukluklar depresyon, kayg\u0131, stres ve travma-sonras\u0131 strestir.<\/p>\n
Nolfe ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (2014), is\u0327in psikopatolojik etkilerine ilis\u0327kin go\u0308zlemlenen, is\u0327le bag\u0306lant\u0131l\u0131 en s\u0131k rastlanan psikiyatrik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n; depresif bozukluklar, kayg\u0131 ve uyum bozukluklar\u0131, ayn\u0131 s\u0327ekilde travma sonras\u0131 stres bozuklug\u0306u semptomlar\u0131 oldug\u0306unu belirtmektedir. Nolfe ve Arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n(2009) \u0130\u015f Yerinde Zorbal\u0131k ve Ruhsal Bozukluklar Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130li\u015fki: \u0130talyan Halk\u0131ndaki Cinsiyet Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/i> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda <\/b>\u0130\u015fyerinde psikososyal stres ile ruhsal ve psikosomatik bozukluklar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilere \u00fc\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131dan ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fkiler (a) i\u015fin organizasyonel \u00f6zellikleri; (b) i\u015f g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi ve dezavantajl\u0131 sosyo-ekonomik durum; (c) ki\u015fileraras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele olgusu (mobbing, i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k) olarak \u00fc\u00e7 ana alan\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Bir dizi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, i\u015f yeri zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve esenli\u011fi \u00fczerinde zararl\u0131 etkileri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. G\u00f6zlemlenen bireysel sonu\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda, sosyal izolasyon, sosyal uyumsuzluk, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck benlik sayg\u0131s\u0131, uyku sorunlar\u0131, konsantrasyon g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kronik yorgunluk, depresyon, \u00e7aresizlik, \u00f6fke, kompulsiyonlar, kayg\u0131 ve umutsuzluk gibi psikosomatik ve psikolojik belirtiler yer almaktad\u0131r. Mavi yakal\u0131 ve beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan olu\u015fan bir Norve\u00e7 \u00f6rne\u011finde, psikolojik \u015fikayetlerdeki varyans\u0131n %13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc, kas-iskelet sistemi problemlerindeki varyans\u0131n %6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ve psikosomatik sa\u011fl\u0131k \u015fikayetlerindeki varyans\u0131n %8\u2019ini tek ba\u015f\u0131na zorbal\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zorbal\u0131\u011fa u\u011framan\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apta incelendi\u011fi bir meta-analizde i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n, \u00f6rne\u011fin ruh sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na dair sa\u011flam kan\u0131tlar g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir psikososyal stres etkeni olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Cinsiyet Farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
Hutchinson ve Eveline (2010) zorbal\u0131kla ilgili etkili yay\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda cinsiyet fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ya hi\u00e7 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n hem erkekleri hem de kad\u0131nlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak e\u015fit oranlarda etkiledi\u011fi k\u0131saca belirtti\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k veya \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak cinsiyetin temel bir sorun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Benzer \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar ve \u00f6rg\u00fct temsilcileri zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin de\u011ferlendirmekte ve \u201ccinsiyet alan\u0131\u201dn\u0131n zaten cinsel taciz politikalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda oldu\u011funu iddia etmektedir. Zorbal\u0131k davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran bir dizi ara\u015ft\u0131rma genellikle yayg\u0131nl\u0131k oranlar\u0131ndaki cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na, tercih edilen zorbal\u0131k taktiklerine ve bildirilen sa\u011fl\u0131k etkilerine odaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Salin(2011) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, zorbal\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bu konulara dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Zorbal\u0131k vaka tan\u0131mlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6zlemcinin, ma\u011fdurun ve failin cinsiyetinin etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu ve bir vakan\u0131n zorbal\u0131k olarak etiketlenip etiketlenmedi\u011fini etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, kad\u0131nlar \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7in daha olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar beklemektedir, bu da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bunu daha ciddi bir sorun olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Nolfe ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (2014) yukar\u0131da belirtilen ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f klinik ve tan\u0131sal kriterlerle de\u011ferlendirilen veriler, cinsiyetten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak depresif bozukluklar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek zorbal\u0131k seviyeleri ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla uyumlu olarak, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n psikiyatrik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n bir belirleyicisi oldu\u011funu, kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara g\u00f6re erkek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Uyum bozukluklar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, cinsiyetten kaynakl\u0131 \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmu\u015ftur. Kad\u0131n grubu aras\u0131nda uyum bozukluklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olabilece\u011fini varsayan ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131\u011fa ek olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131 stres\u00f6rlerinin \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 kad\u0131n ve erkek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarda farkl\u0131 tan\u0131mlanmakta olup bu durumun toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ile ili\u015fkilendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
ILO toplumsal cinsiyete dayal\u0131 rollere dikkat \u00e7ekerek, kad\u0131nlarda daha s\u0131k rastlanabilecek ve daha spesifik olabilecek psikososyal tehlikeleri \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hayat\u0131nda ve evdeki farkl\u0131\/\u00e7ifte roller,<\/p>\n
Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve sosyal beklentilerin etkisi,<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f yerinde cinsel taciz riski veya aile i\u00e7i \u015fiddet,<\/p>\n
Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlere daha a\u011f\u0131r i\u015f gerekliliklerinin oldu\u011fu cinsiyet temelli ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k.<\/p>\n
Bu tan\u0131mlardan da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi i\u015f yerinde cinsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmelerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplumsal cinsiyete ba\u011fl\u0131 genel ya\u015fam stres fakt\u00f6rleri ile bak\u0131m y\u00fckleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
TARTI\u015eMA<\/b><\/p>\n
<\/i><\/b>\u0130\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k konusu i\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 ruhsal bozukluklar konusunda \u00f6nemli bir risk etkeni olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Zorbal\u0131k i\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015facak pek \u00e7ok ruhsal bozuklu\u011fun kayna\u011f\u0131 ya da tetikleyicisi olabilmektedir. \u0130\u015f yerlerinde olu\u015fturulacak zorbal\u0131kla m\u00fccadele politikalar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k ve refah\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nabilecek \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Cinsiyete ba\u011fl\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlerde ise birbirinden farkl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclse bile toplumsal cinsiyet konusu hem i\u015fe ba\u011fl\u0131 stresin hem de i\u015f yerinde zorbal\u0131k sonucunda geli\u015febilecek ruhsal bozukluklar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir belirleyici olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ruhsal bozukluklarda ek ya\u015fam stres fakt\u00f6rlerinin kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Zorbal\u0131k ve ruhsal bozukluklar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi net olarak tan\u0131mlayabilirken cinsiyet de\u011fi\u015fkeninin etkisini anlama konusunda geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ve boylamsal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara olan ihtiya\u00e7 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Toplumsal cinsiyet odakl\u0131 bu alanda daha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu gibi, zorbal\u0131k ve risk fakt\u00f6rlerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda yeniden de\u011ferlendirilip risk fakt\u00f6rleri konusunda g\u00fcncel de\u011ferlendirmeler de gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
SOURCE<\/b><\/p>\n
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Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (2019). \u0130\u015f Yerinde Stres: Ortak Bir Zorluk. <\/i>(\u00c7ev. N_HumaN Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k Merkezi). \u0130zmir.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n
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